English for the Sophisticates; Dholuo for Everyone Else

The burial last Friday of Homa Bay Senator Otieno Kajwang was a fascinating exercise. It wasn’t so much about the sheer crush of humanity that had been evident since the public lying-in-state at Uhuru Park, and through to Kisumu. It wasn’t even the wilting heat in Mbita or the sad sideshow of the politician’s second family. It wasn’t even particularly about the political nature of the speeches – this was to be expected at the send-off for a man who made his reputation at public rallies. No, the fascination was with the choice of language that the different speakers chose to communicate in as they, in turn, paid their respects to the departed man, fired up the crowd, and scored political points.

Many of the earlier speakers spoke in Dholuo, seeking to connect with a crowd that was, after all, deep in Sen. Kajwang’s ‘shags’. As the speakers began becoming more national in nature, and as their seniority increased, so did the English and Kiswahili quotient of their scripts, although all of them still felt it necessary to throw in the one or two Dholuo phrases in their vocabulary. Raila Odinga’s speech was the most interesting. He began in English, before switching to rapid-fire Dholuo, inflected with idioms and folksy pithiness.

The issue here is not so much about linguistics or the political utility of language. Where last week’s ceremony intersects with the pages of the Business Daily is the way in which the mode of engagement shifts when one is trying to reach an audience. The speakers in Mbita were communicating largely with a local crowd (with a few national dignitaries thrown in). Dholuo would have been adequate on most occasions, with perhaps a sop to Kiswahili for the few who needed to follow the conversation otherwise. The key here, though, was that the crowd was not just the one from close by. The ceremony was televised nationwide, and thus the dynamic changed instantly. The speakers were not just reaching with their words from the podium to the audience in proximity of the loudspeakers – they were also reaching across the ether to millions (they hoped) watching keenly.

It’s a dynamic that companies in multi-cultural societies such as ours have to navigate on a daily basis. They have customers who, presumably, have a working knowledge of our two official languages – English and Kiswahili – and so one would assume that it would be rather straightforward to communicate with these customers. For a long time, it was. Simply throw together an advert in English for the upper segment of your clientele, and in Kiswahili for everyone else. If you happened to have operations in the smaller towns and cities, you would adapt your communication to reflect the dominant language in the area.

Now, it is not so simple. The assumption that English is for the sophisticates, Kiswahili for the masses, and ‘mother tongue’ for the unreconstructed natives, has been turned on its head, at least when it comes to customer communications. Now, the most sophisticated (and formerly staid) banks are offering high-end accounts in Sheng. Youthful lingo seems to be the default among advertisers, along with made-up words that are meant to communicate an urban vigour that is supposed to refresh brands.

The trick is to balance this against the very real danger of alienating existing clientele. Not everyone responds well to being spoken to (if only in an advert) in Sheng, much the same way that the educated villager feels condescended to when not spoken to in English.

There was a second lesson in the languages at the funeral. In the same way the speakers had to communicate with the local crowd, while acknowledging that there was a vast audience watching elsewhere, companies are realising that they cannot restrict their intended target audiences. It is not just about precocious children staying up past their bedtime and catching adverts not meant for their young ears. It is in the fact that there is no truly local audience any more. Even the smallest magazine, intended for a geographically distinct audience, finds its way into the hands of readers all over the world, who consume its content along with the adverts therein.

A few months ago, I had a conversation with the global head of consumer goods firm Unilever. His company manufactures a line of cosmetics under the brand ‘Dove Men’, which, as the name implies, is targeted at the demographic I belong to. It has never been advertised on Kenyan media, but I have encountered it endlessly in the British car magazines I subscribe to, and in the international rugby matches I watch on television. Paul Polman’s problem is what to do with customers such as me, whose appetites have been whetted by the internationalisation of media consumption habits, but who may not be served by the existing marketing and distribution infrastructure. Does Unilever look aside as these products are brought in on the grey market? Does the company invest in a sophisticated, expensive distribution network to reach customers who may only number in the hundreds? Difficult questions these, but questions which all companies must start to grapple with.


Raila Odinga seemed surefooted as he flitted from one language, and one set of idioms, to another. Pity he isn’t a Marketing Director in an FMCG company.

Also published in the Business Daily on 2 December 2014, at http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Opinion-and-Analysis/-Key-lessons-in-Kajwang-s-burial-ceremony-speeches/-/539548/2541192/-/pprfpbz/-/index.html

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